angular学习之聊聊两种类型的表单
时间:2022-05-20 10:29
本篇文章带大家了解一下angular中的表单,了解一下两种类型的表单:模板驱动和模型驱动,希望对大家有所帮助!
在 Angular 中,表单有两种类型,分别为模板驱动
和模型驱动
。【相关教程推荐:《angular教程》】
一、模板驱动
1.1 概述
表单的控制逻辑
写在组件模板
中,适合简单
的表单类型。
1.2 快速上手
1)、引入依赖模块 FormsModule
- import { FormsModule } from "@angular/forms"
- @NgModule({
- imports: [FormsModule],
- })
- export class AppModule {}
2)、将 DOM 表单转换为 ngForm
- <form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)"></form>
3)、声明表单字段为 ngModel
- <form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
- <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
4)、获取表单字段值
- import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"
- export class AppComponent {
- onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
- console.log(form.value) // {username: ''}
- }
- }
5)、表单分组
- <form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
- <div ngModelGroup="user">
- <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
- </div>
- <div ngModelGroup="contact">
- <input type="text" name="phone" ngModel />
- </div>
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
- import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"
- export class AppComponent {
- onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
- console.log(form.value) // {contact: {phone: ''}, user:{username: ''}}
- }
- }
1.3 表单验证
- required 必填字段
- minlength 字段最小长度
- maxlength 字段最大长度
- pattern 验证正则 例如:pattern=“\d” 匹配一个数值
- <form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
- <input type="text" name="username" ngModel required pattern="\d" />
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
- export class AppComponent {
- onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
- // 查看表单整体是否验证通过
- console.log(form.valid)
- }
- }
- <!-- 表单整体未通过验证时禁用提交表单 -->
- <button type="submit" [disabled]="f.invalid">提交</button>
在组件模板中显示表单项未通过时的错误信息。
- <form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
- <input #username="ngModel" />
- <div *ngIf="username.touched && !username.valid && username.errors">
- <div *ngIf="username.errors.required">请填写用户名</div>
- <div *ngIf="username.errors.pattern">不符合正则规则</div>
- </div>
- </form>
指定表单项未通过验证时的样式。
- input.ng-touched.ng-invalid {
- border: 2px solid red;
- }
二、模型驱动
2.1 概述
表单的控制逻辑
写在组件类
中,对验证逻辑拥有更多的控制权,适合复杂
的表单的类型。
在模型驱动表单中,表单字段需要是 FormControl
类的实例,实例对象可以验证表单字段
中的值,值是否被修改过等等
一组表单字段构成整个表单,整个表单需要是 FormGroup
类的实例,它可以对表单进行整体
验证。
FormControl:表单组中的一个表单项
FormGroup:表单组,表单至少是一个 FormGroup
FormArray:用于复杂表单,可以动态添加表单项或表单组,在表单验证时,FormArray 中有一项没通过,整体没通过。
2.2 快速上手
1)、引入 ReactiveFormsModule
- import { ReactiveFormsModule } from "@angular/forms"
- @NgModule({
- imports: [ReactiveFormsModule]
- })
- export class AppModule {}
2)、在组件类中创建 FormGroup 表单控制对象
- import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
- export class AppComponent {
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl(),
- phone: new FormControl()
- })
- }
3)、关联组件模板中的表单
- <form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
- <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
- <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
4)、获取表单值
- export class AppComponent {
- onSubmit() {
- console.log(this.contactForm.value)
- }
- }
5)、设置表单默认值
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl("默认值"),
- phone: new FormControl(15888888888)
- })
6)、表单分组
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- fullName: new FormGroup({
- firstName: new FormControl(),
- lastName: new FormControl()
- }),
- phone: new FormControl()
- })
- <form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
- <div formGroupName="fullName">
- <input type="text" formControlName="firstName" />
- <input type="text" formControlName="lastName" />
- </div>
- <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
- onSubmit() {
- console.log(this.contactForm.value.name.username)
- console.log(this.contactForm.get(["name", "username"])?.value)
- }
2.3 FormArray
需求:在页面中默认显示一组联系方式,通过点击按钮可以添加更多联系方式组。
- import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core"
- import { FormArray, FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
- @Component({
- selector: "app-root",
- templateUrl: "./app.component.html",
- styles: []
- })
- export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
- // 表单
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- contacts: new FormArray([])
- })
- get contacts() {
- return this.contactForm.get("contacts") as FormArray
- }
- // 添加联系方式
- addContact() {
- // 联系方式
- const myContact: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl(),
- address: new FormControl(),
- phone: new FormControl()
- })
- // 向联系方式数组中添加联系方式
- this.contacts.push(myContact)
- }
- // 删除联系方式
- removeContact(i: number) {
- this.contacts.removeAt(i)
- }
- ngOnInit() {
- // 添加默认的联系方式
- this.addContact()
- }
- onSubmit() {
- console.log(this.contactForm.value)
- }
- }
- <form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
- <div formArrayName="contacts">
- <div
- *ngFor="let contact of contacts.controls; let i = index"
- [formGroupName]="i"
- >
- <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
- <input type="text" formControlName="address" />
- <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
- <button (click)="removeContact(i)">删除联系方式</button>
- </div>
- </div>
- <button (click)="addContact()">添加联系方式</button>
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
2.4 内置表单验证器
1)、使用内置验证器提供的验证规则验证表单字段
- import { FormControl, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl("默认值", [
- Validators.required,
- Validators.minLength(2)
- ])
- })
2)、获取整体表单是否验证通过
- onSubmit() {
- console.log(this.contactForm.valid)
- }
- <!-- 表单整体未验证通过时禁用表单按钮 -->
- <button [disabled]="contactForm.invalid">提交</button>
3)、在组件模板中显示为验证通过时的错误信息
- get name() {
- return this.contactForm.get("name")!
- }
- <form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
- <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
- <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
- <div *ngIf="name.errors.required">请填写姓名</div>
- <div *ngIf="name.errors.maxlength">
- 姓名长度不能大于
- {{ name.errors.maxlength.requiredLength }} 实际填写长度为
- {{ name.errors.maxlength.actualLength }}
- </div>
- </div>
- </form>
2.5 自定义同步表单验证器
自定义验证器的类型是 TypeScript 类
类中包含具体的验证方法,验证方法必须为静态方法
验证方法有一个参数 control,类型为 AbstractControl。其实就是 FormControl 类的实例对象的类型
如果验证成功,返回 null
如果验证失败,返回对象,对象中的属性即为验证标识,值为 true,标识该项验证失败
验证方法的返回值为 ValidationErrors | null
- import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"
- export class NameValidators {
- // 字段值中不能包含空格
- static cannotContainSpace(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {
- // 验证未通过
- if (/\s/.test(control.value)) return { cannotContainSpace: true }
- // 验证通过
- return null
- }
- }
- import { NameValidators } from "./Name.validators"
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl("", [
- Validators.required,
- NameValidators.cannotContainSpace
- ])
- })
- <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
- <div *ngIf="name.errors.cannotContainSpace">姓名中不能包含空格</div>
- </div>
2.6 自定义异步表单验证器
- import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"
- import { Observable } from "rxjs"
- export class NameValidators {
- static shouldBeUnique(control: AbstractControl): Promise<ValidationErrors | null> {
- return new Promise(resolve => {
- if (control.value == "admin") {
- resolve({ shouldBeUnique: true })
- } else {
- resolve(null)
- }
- })
- }
- }
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl(
- "",
- [
- Validators.required
- ],
- NameValidators.shouldBeUnique
- )
- })
- <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
- <div *ngIf="name.errors.shouldBeUnique">用户名重复</div>
- </div>
- <div *ngIf="name.pending">正在检测姓名是否重复</div>
2.7 FormBuilder
创建表单的快捷
方式。
this.fb.control
:表单项this.fb.group
:表单组,表单至少是一个 FormGroupthis.fb.array
:用于复杂表单,可以动态添加表单项或表单组,在表单验证时,FormArray 中有一项没通过,整体没通过。
- import { FormBuilder, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"
- export class AppComponent {
- contactForm: FormGroup
- constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
- this.contactForm = this.fb.group({
- fullName: this.fb.group({
- firstName: ["", [Validators.required]],
- lastName: [""]
- }),
- phone: []
- })
- }
- }
2.8 监听表单值的变化
实际工作中,我们常常需要根据某个表单值得变化而进行相应的处理,一般可以使用ngModalChange
或者表单来实现
2.8.1 ngModalChange
- <div>
- <input type="text" [(ngModal)]="name" (ngModalChange)="nameChange()" />
- </div>
- import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
- export class AppComponent {
- public name = 'a';
- public nameChange() {
- }
- }
angular官方并不建议使用ngModalChange。
2.8.2 表单控制
- <div [formGroup]="contactForm">
- <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
- </div>
- import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
- export class AppComponent {
- contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
- name: new FormControl()
- })
- ngOnInt() {
- this.contactForm.get("name").valueChanges.subscribe(data => {
- console.log(data);
- }
- }
- }
2.9 练习
1)、获取一组复选框中选中的值
- <form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
- <label *ngFor="let item of Data">
- <input type="checkbox" [value]="item.value" (change)="onChange($event)" />
- {{ item.name }}
- </label>
- <button>提交</button>
- </form>
- import { Component } from "@angular/core"
- import { FormArray, FormBuilder, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
- interface Data {
- name: string
- value: string
- }
- @Component({
- selector: "app-checkbox",
- templateUrl: "./checkbox.component.html",
- styles: []
- })
- export class CheckboxComponent {
- Data: Array<Data> = [
- { name: "Pear", value: "pear" },
- { name: "Plum", value: "plum" },
- { name: "Kiwi", value: "kiwi" },
- { name: "Apple", value: "apple" },
- { name: "Lime", value: "lime" }
- ]
- form: FormGroup
- constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
- this.form = this.fb.group({
- checkArray: this.fb.array([])
- })
- }
- onChange(event: Event) {
- const target = event.target as HTMLInputElement
- const checked = target.checked
- const value = target.value
- const checkArray = this.form.get("checkArray") as FormArray
- if (checked) {
- checkArray.push(this.fb.control(value))
- } else {
- const index = checkArray.controls.findIndex(
- control => control.value === value
- )
- checkArray.removeAt(index)
- }
- }
- onSubmit() {
- console.log(this.form.value)
- }
- }
2)、获取单选框中选中的值
- export class AppComponent {
- form: FormGroup
- constructor(public fb: FormBuilder) {
- this.form = this.fb.group({ gender: "" })
- }
- onSubmit() {
- console.log(this.form.value)
- }
- }
- <form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
- <input type="radio" value="male" formControlName="gender" /> Male
- <input type="radio" value="female" formControlName="gender" /> Female
- <button type="submit">Submit</button>
- </form>
2.10 其他
patchValue:设置表单控件的值(可以设置全部,也可以设置其中某一个,其他不受影响)
setValue:设置表单控件的值 (设置全部,不能排除任何一个)
valueChanges:当表单控件的值发生变化时被触发的事件
reset:表单内容置空
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